Lage: Zentralasien, Grenzen zum Kaspischen Meer, Kazakhstan, Usbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran
Fläche:
gesamt: 488,100 qkm
- vergleichbar mit ornia
Landesgrenzen:
gesamt: 3,736 km
davon jeweils mit Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Turkmenistan gehört zu den wenigen Ländern, das keinen direkten Zugang zum Meer hat.
Klima: Subtropische Wüste
Oberfläche: flache bis hüglige Sandwüste mit Dünen bis zu Berggröße im Süden; niedrige Berge entlang der Grenze zu Iran
niedrigster Punkt: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m (Bemerkung - Sarygamysh Koli ist ein See im Nordosten Turkmenistans, dessen Wasserspiegel stark schwankt, Minimum bei -110 m; gegenwärtig bei -60 m, 20 m über Vpadina Akchanaya)
höchster Punkt: Ayrybaba 3,139 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 63%
forests and woodland: 8%
other: 26% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 13,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: landlocked
People
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Population: 4,518,268 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (male 887,088; female 850,384)
15-64 years: 58% (male 1,277,176; female 1,321,465)
65 years and over: 4% (male 69,383; female 112,772) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.87% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 28.88 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 9.04 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 73.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 60.91 years
male: 57.29 years
female: 64.71 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.63 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen
Ethnic groups: Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.1% (1995)
Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 97% (1989 est.)
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